WHAT'S CERVICAL CANCER?

What is Cervical Cancer?

Cervical cancer is a type of cancer that develops in the cervix, which is the lower part of the uterus (womb). It occurs when abnormal cells in the cervix grow uncontrollably and may spread to other parts of the body.

The two main types of cervical cancer are:

• Squamous Cell Carcinoma – Begins in the thin, flat cells lining the cervix.
• Adenocarcinoma – Begins in the glandular cells that produce mucus and other fluids.

What is the Cervix?

The cervix is the lower, narrow end of the uterus, often referred to as the "neck of the womb." It connects the uterus to the vagina.

What Causes Cervical Cancer?

Almost all cases of cervical cancer are linked to long-term infection with certain types of Human Papillomavirus (HPV). HPV is a common virus that can be transmitted through sexual contact.

Vaccines that protect against high-risk HPV types can significantly reduce the risk of cervical cancer. Regular screening through Pap smears and HPV testing can help detect abnormal cervical cells before they develop into cancer.

When detected and treated early, cervical cancer is often highly curable.

Cervical Cancer Screening

Screening involves testing for cancer before symptoms appear. It helps identify abnormal changes in cervical cells at an early stage when treatment is most effective.

Cervical cancer usually develops slowly over time. Before cancer develops, cervical cells may undergo changes known as dysplasia, where abnormal cells begin to appear in the cervical tissue.

These changes occur more commonly in women in their 20s and 30s. Regular screening significantly reduces the risk of cervical cancer and related deaths.

Pap Smear Test

A Pap smear is used to detect abnormal cervical cells that may develop into cancer. Early detection allows treatment before cancer forms.

HPV Testing

HPV testing may be performed alone or together with a Pap smear. Women aged 30 years and older are often advised to have both tests every five years, as this combination improves the detection of abnormal cervical changes.

Signs and Symptoms of Cervical Cancer

Early-stage cervical cancer may not cause noticeable symptoms. However, some women may experience:

• Bleeding between menstrual periods
• Heavier or longer menstrual bleeding than usual
• Bleeding after sexual intercourse
• Bleeding after a pelvic examination
• Increased vaginal discharge
• Pain during sexual intercourse
• Bleeding after menopause
• Persistent pelvic or lower back pain

How is Cervical Cancer Diagnosed?

Diagnosis begins with a review of symptoms, medical history, and risk factors, followed by a physical and pelvic examination.

During a pelvic examination, the healthcare provider checks the uterus, cervix, vagina, ovaries, bladder, and rectum for abnormalities. A Pap test is often performed at the same time.

If abnormal cells are found and the HPV test is positive, additional tests may be recommended.

Colposcopy

A colposcopy allows the doctor to closely examine the cervix using a special magnifying instrument called a colposcope. This procedure helps identify abnormal areas and guide biopsies if needed.

Biopsy

A biopsy involves removing a small sample of tissue for examination under a microscope. It is the only test that can confirm a diagnosis of cervical cancer.

If cancer is detected, the patient may be referred to a gynecologic oncologist for further evaluation and treatment planning.

Cervical Cancer Staging

Staging describes the extent of cancer, including whether it has spread beyond the cervix. Determining the stage helps doctors choose the most appropriate treatment and estimate the likelihood of recovery.

The International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) staging system is commonly used for cervical cancer.

How is Cervical Cancer Treated?

Treatment depends on several factors, including the type and stage of cancer, overall health, and patient preferences. A multidisciplinary team of healthcare professionals often works together to develop an individualized treatment plan.

Treatment Options

• Surgery: Removal of the cancerous tissue and some surrounding healthy tissue.
• Radiation Therapy: Uses high-energy X-rays or particles to destroy cancer cells.
• Chemotherapy: Uses medications to stop the growth and spread of cancer cells.

Prevention

• Receive the HPV vaccine when eligible.
• Attend regular cervical screening appointments.
• Practice safe sexual habits.
• Avoid smoking, which increases the risk of cervical cancer.

Conclusion

Cervical cancer is one of the most preventable and treatable cancers when detected early. Regular screening, HPV vaccination, and timely medical care play a crucial role in reducing the risk and improving outcomes.